Schottky Defect

Introduction
Like the human body, lattice structures (most commonly known as crystals) are far from perfection. Our body works hard to keep things proportional but occasionally our right foot is bigger than our left; similarly, crystals may try to arrange it's ions under a strict layout, but occasionally an ion slips to another spot or simply goes missing. Realistically speaking, it should be expected that crystals will depart itself from order (not surprising considering defects occurs at temperature greater than 0 K). There are
many ways a crystal can depart itself from order (thus experiences defects); these defects can be grouped in different categories such as Point Defects, Line Defects, Planar Defects, or Volume or Bulk Defects [2]. We will focus on Point Defects, specifically the defect that occurs in ionic crystal structures (i.e. NaCl) called the Schottky Defect.
Point Defects

Lattice structures (or crystals) undergoing point defects experience one of two types:
1.) atoms or ions leaving their spot (thus creating vacancies) [3].
2.) atoms or ions slipping into the little gaps in between other atoms or ions; those little gaps are known as interstitials--since atoms or ions in the crystals are occupying interstitials, they inherently become (create) interstitials [3].
By the simplest definition, the Schottky defect is defined by type one. For anyone interested, type two is known as the Frenkel defect.Schottky Defect - ChemWiki:

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Determination of Water Hardness By Complexometric Titration Class Notes

Determination of Water Hardness By Complexometric Titration Class Notes: "Why Be Concerned About Hard Water?

The determination of water hardness is a useful test that provides a measure of quality of water for households and industrial uses. Originally, water hardness was defined as the measure of the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. Hard water is not a health hazard. People regularly take calcium supplements. Drinking hard water contributes a small amount of calcium and magnesium toward the total human dietary needs of calcium and magnesium. The National Academy of Science states that consuming extremely hard water could be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet.

Hard water does cause soap scum, clog pipes and clog boilers.

Soap scum is formed when the calcium ion binds with the soap. This causes an insoluble compound that precipitates to form the scum you see. Soap actually softens hard water by removing the Ca2+ ions from the water.

When hard water is heated, CaCO3 precipitates out, which then clogs pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to malfunction or damage and is expensive to remove."

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The Photoelectric Effect - explanation of the photoelectric effect

The Photoelectric Effect - explanation of the photoelectric effect:

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Quantum Double Slit Experiment

Quantum Double Slit Experiment:

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